Evaluation of virtual tour in an online museum: Exhibition of Architecture of the Forbidden City.

Online virtual museum tours combine museum authority and an academic approach with the diversity and interactivity of online resources; such tours have become an essential resource for online scientific research and education. Many important museums around the world are developing this type of online service. Comprehensive evaluation of such tours is, however, urgently needed to ensure effectiveness. This paper establishes a heuristic evaluation scale based on the literature. Taking the online virtual tour of the Exhibition of Architecture of the Forbidden City as a case study, confirmatory factor analysis was then carried out to improve the scale. Interviews were conducted to discuss and analyze the research results. The developed evaluation scale has four dimensions: authenticity, interaction, navigation, and learning. The results from the case study showed, first, that the exhibition had visual authenticity, but the behavioral authenticity was insufficient; second, the exhibition was generally interactive, but this aspect could be improved by enriching the links; third, the lack of effective navigation design for the exhibit was the main factor affecting experience quality. Fourth, the exhibition was informative and supported learning, but needs further improvement to the quantity and quality of information provided. Finally, the interviews revealed that the online exhibition did not entirely support people of different ages and abilities, so it needs further improvement to be wholly inclusive.

Guns, germs, and public history: A conversation with Jennifer Tucker.

In this wide-ranging conversation, historians David Serlin (UC San Diego) and Jennifer Tucker (Wesleyan University) discuss the role of material culture and visual media in shaping how museums communicate histories of science and technology. Tucker describes recent a public history project focused on 19th-century histories of firearms and gun regulation in light of contemporary debates about the Second Amendment "right to bear arms." Serlin and Tucker conclude by speculating about possible curatorial directions for a future public history exhibit focused on the social and cultural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020.

Prevention of SARS-COV-2 coronavirus spread at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Poland. The most visited Memorial site in the world during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: At the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (A-BSM) actions have been undertaken to effectively protect employees and minimise risk of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spreading from the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic. AIM OF THE ARTICLE: The aim was to present the actions, instructions and procedures introduced at the A-BSM to provide information how to deal with pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in institutions taking care of cultural heritage before and after closure of the Museum for visitors and after reopening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The described activities were developed at the Museum by a specially established Expert Team. RESULTS: Groups of employees and places in which they were most exposed to contact with visitors and, as a consequence, at the highest risk of getting infected, were characterised. The employees were provided with personal protective equipment, and at the Museum site, devices essential for maintaining the microbiological cleanliness of the rooms, were placed. In the next stage, instructions and procedures for particular groups of employees were prepared. Visitors were educated about the need of taking precautions and were allowed to disinfect in several places at the Memorial Site. Steps to reduce attendance at this time has also been taken. Procedures for employees of the A-BSM were developed in such way that they can also be used after reopening of the Museum for visitors. CONCLUSIONS: The actions which ensured the microbiological safety of the A-BSM employees, brought satisfying results. In more than 21 days after closing of the Museum for visitors, no cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 were found among employees, despite a very high threat.

El Museo de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla de Santander en su 50 aniversariol / The 50th anniversary of the Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital's Pathology Museum in Santander

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Museus, coleccionismo e viagens científicas em Portugal de finais de Setecentos / Museums, collecting and scientific voyages in late 18th Century Portugal

Este artigo centra-se no vasto e complexo processo científico e institucional ligado à recolha de artefactos e à formação de colecções científico-naturais, etnológicas e antropológicas, provenientes de vários espaços coloniais extra-europeus em Portugal durante a segunda metade do século XVIII. Faz ainda referência às instituições que albergaram estes materiais. Neste período em que a ciência era, por definição, útil e devia servir ao interesse público na prossecução do bem-estar, do progresso e da felicidade dos povos, os estudos produzidos tiveram como objectivo contribuir para um levantamento científico com pretensões enciclopedistas, destinado a produzir um conhecimento minucioso dos espaços imperiais através da identificação, recolecção e estudo das produções naturais e das "características físicas e morais" dos indígenas. A curiosidade científica que caracterizou os grupos sociais envolvidos neste processo permitiu a corporização dum conjunto de práticas que era pensado em Lisboa e implementado pelos vassalos da coroa em todo o império. Deste conjunto de práticas, quero destacar as viagens filosóficas, explorações científicas vocacionadas para a descrição física e económica dos territórios e para a inventariação dos recursos naturais, consideradas como instrumento de modernização política e administrativa do império numa altura em que a ciência e a técnica eram vistas como ferramentas imprescindíveis ao desenvolvimento do Estado Moderno

This article focuses on the vast and complex scientific and institutional process related to the collection of artefacts and the formation of scientific-natural, ethnological and anthropological collections from various extra-European colonial spaces in Portugal during the second half of the eighteenth century. It also addresses the institutions that housed these materials. In a period when science was, by definition, useful and should serve the public interest in the pursuit of welfare, progress and the happiness of peoples, scientific studies had the objective of contributing to a scientific survey with encyclopaedic pretensions of the imperial spaces through the identification, collection and study of the natural productions and the "physical and moral characteristics" of the natives. The scientific curiosity that characterized the social groups involved in this process allowed the embodiment of a set of practices that was thought in Lisbon and implemented by Portuguese subjects throughout the empire. From this set of practices, I would like to highlight the philosophical voyages, scientific explorations aimed at the physical and economic description of the territories and the inventory of natural resources, considered as an instrument of political and administrative modernization of the empire at a time when science and technology were considered as essential tools for the development of the Modern State

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"Con su piel natural". La exhibición museológica de cuerpos y restos humanos preservados / "With their Natural Skin". Museological exhibitions of preserved human bodies and remains

La exhibición de cuerpos y restos humanos preservados ha sido y continúa siendo habitual en ciertos museos, también en España. Este artículo repasa los contextos expositivos que conducen desde la limitada presencia de restos humanos en las cámaras de curiosidades y los primeros museos de historia natural, hasta su exitosa consolidación en los gabinetes y museos anatómicos (académicos y comerciales) durante el último tercio del siglo XVIII y todo el XIX. Se presta especial atención a la actividad desarrollada por el doctor González Velasco, tanto en sus propios museos como en la Facultad de Medicina de Madrid

The exhibition of preserved human bodies and remains was and is still common in some museums, also in Spain. This article reviews the gradual expansion of this exhibitions, from the scarce presence of human remains in the chambers of curiosities and the first natural history museums to the successful consolidation of this kind of exhibits in the anatomical cabinets and museums (both academic and commercial) during the last third of the 18th century and the entire 19th century. Special attention is paid to the activity carried out by Dr. González Velasco, both in its own museums and in the Faculty of Medicine of Madrid

Las colecciones de restos humanos de la expedición del Pacífico y los museos españoles / Human remains collections of the Pacific Expedition and the Spanish Museums

La conocida como Expedición del Pacífico (1862-1866) fue la última de las grandes expediciones transoceánicas organizadas por España en el siglo XIX y está bien documentada gracias a los estudios de varios historiadores. Menos se ha trabajado sobre las vicisitudes posteriores a su llegada a España de los restos humanos y las colecciones etnográficas recopiladas durante el viaje. Además de otros restos óseos, fundamentalmente cráneos, se trajeron a España una serie de momias que fueron extraídas, junto con sus ajuares mortuorios, del sitio arqueológico de Chiu-Chiu (Bolivia, hoy Chile) por Manuel Almagro en 1864. El artículo se dedica a reconstruir en lo posible la historia de estas colecciones por distintos museos y los estudios que se llevaron a cabo a partir de ellas

The so-called Pacific Expedition (1862-1866) was the last of the great transoceanic expeditions organized by Spain in the nineteenth century and is well known thanks to the studies of several scholars. Less has been investigated on the vicissitudes after his arrival in Spain of the human remains and ethnographic collections gathered during the trip. In addition to other skeletal remains, mainly skulls, a series of mummies were brought to Spain, along with their grave goods, from the archaeological site of Chiu-Chiu (Bolivia, now Chile) by Manuel Almagro in 1864. This article is dedicated to reconstruct as thoroughly as possible the history of these collections in different museums and the studies that were undertaken on them

Ciencia en el Madrid del "no pasarán". La protección de las colecciones de Historia Natural y el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Naturales durante la Guerra Civil / Science in No Pasarán Madrid. The protection of the collections of Natural History and the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Naturales during the Civil War (1936-1939)

Los edificios culturales y científicos de Madrid se vieron muy perjudicados por la guerra civil española (1936-1939). Madrid fue una ciudad asediada y bombardeada por los sublevados. En la capital se encontraban los más importantes museos, la Biblioteca Nacional y las principales instituciones científicas y de humanidades, en donde trabajaban los más relevantes investigadores de la época. A comienzos de la guerra tuvo lugar la incautación de bibliotecas y colecciones de ciencias naturales en palacios y edificios pertenecientes a aristócratas, financieros, personas contrarias a la República y colegios de religiosos. Los naturalistas del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Naturales organizaron la conservación y protección de las colecciones biológicas, mientras que bombas y obuses impactaban en las instituciones científicas de la zona republicana

The cultural and scientific buildings of Madrid were severely damaged by the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Madrid was a city besieged and bombed by the rebels. In the capital were the most important museums, the National Library and the main scientific and humanities institutions, where the most important researchers of the time worked. At the beginning of the war the confiscation of libraries and collections of natural sciences took place in palaces and buildings belonging to aristocrats, financiers, people opposed to the Republic and religious schools. The naturalists of the National Institute of Natural Sciences organized the conservation and protection of the biological collections, while bombs and howitzers fell on the scientific institutions of the republican zone

Científicos e intelectuales, una nueva cultura política: José Cuatrecasas y las colecciones de flora tropical / Scientists and intellectuals, a new political culture: José Cuatrecasas and the collections of tropical flora

Este trabajo quiere mostrar una faceta del papel desempeñado por el coleccionismo y las colecciones científicas en la formación de los naturalistas durante la Edad de Plata de la ciencia española. El objetivo es evidenciar que la Junta para Ampliación de Estudios, principal institución que impulsó ese proyecto, aspiraba a crear intelectuales con capacidad de participar en la gobernanza del país (una nueva cultura política). La JAE encarnó un proyecto científico racionalista que se oponía a las visiones más conservadoras, defensoras de una ciencia católica, en una lucha que no se restringía a la ciencia, sino que alcanzaba lo social, lo político y lo cultural. Para ello recurrimos a la biografía del botánico José Cuatrecasas partiendo del enfoque de una historia sociocultural de la ciencia y una historia de las ideas

This work aims to show a piece of the important role that collecting and scientific collections played in the training to become naturalist during the Silver Age of Spanish science (1900-1936). It attempts to show that the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios (JAE), the main institution that promoted such a modern scientific project, aspired to create an intellectual elite with the capacity to participate in the governance of the State (a new political culture). The JAE incarnated a rationalist scientific model that opposed the ultraconservative positions, which were defenders of a Catholic science. Both of them were involved in a struggle that was not only restricted to science, but it reached all social, political and cultural aspects of national living. This article takes the biography of the botanic José Cuatrecasas as starting point and its analysis will be processed from the sociocultural History of Science and the History of Ideas

El Museo de Historia de la Enfermería de Madrid, una cita pendiente con nuestro pasado profesional / The Museum of Nursing History in Madrid: a pending appointment with our professional past

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Reorganização documental do Centro Histórico Cultural da Enfermagem Ibero-Americana: relato de experiencia / Reorganización documental del Centro Histórico Cultural de la Enfermería Iberoamericana: relato de experiencia / Documentary reorganization of the Cultural and Historical Center of Ibero-American Nursing: report of experience

OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência conjunta de reorganizar os materiais do acervo do Centro Histórico Cultural da Enfermagem Ibero Americana da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, realizado no período de 2013 a 2015. MÉTODO: Foram elencadas as parcerias e as estratégias de reestruturação e reorganização do projeto, no período entre 2013 e 2015, que percorreu três etapas para sua consecução e foram listados os acervos que integram. RESULTADOS: Notou-se que a reinauguração do novo Centro, em um espaço acessível e melhor distribuído, aumentou o número de visitas ao local, que hoje é parada obrigatória em atividades de algumas disciplinas de graduação e pós-graduação da Instituição, bem como nas atividades que buscam expor o que é e o que faz a enfermagem, como é o caso do evento "USP e as profissões", promovido pela Pró-Reitoria de Cultura e Extensão. CONCLUSÕES: Este "novo" Centro conseguiu alcançar seu objetivo, de não ser um museu estático e sem vida, mas de ser um local de reconstrução da identidade e da história de uma profissão, por muitas vezes, mistificada

OBJETIVO: Relatar la experiencia conjunta del proceso reorganizador de los materiales del acervo del Centro Histórico Cultural de la Enfermería Iberoamericana de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de São Paulo, realizado en el período de 2013 a 2015. MÉTODO: Se establecieron las asociaciones y las estrategias de reestructuración y reorganización del proyecto, en el período entre 2013 y 2015, que recorrió tres etapas para su consecución y se enumeraron los acervos que integran este centro. RESULTADOS: Se notó que la reinauguración del nuevo Centro, en un espacio accesible y mejor distribuido, aumentó el número de visitas al local, que hoy es parada obligatoria en actividades de algunas disciplinas de graduación y postgrado de la Institución, así como en las actividades que buscan exponer lo que es y lo que hace la enfermería, como es el caso del evento "USP y las profesiones", promovido por la Pro-Rectoría de Cultura y Extensión. CONCLUSIONES: Este "nuevo" Centro logró alcanzar su objetivo, de no ser un museo estático y sin vida, sino de ser un lugar de reconstrucción de la identidad y de la historia de una profesión, muchas veces, mistificada

OBJECTIVE: To report the joint experience of reorganizing materials from the collection of the Cultural Historical Center of the Ibero-American Nursing of the School of Nursing of the University of São Paulo, carried out integrate this center were listed. RESULTS: It was noted that the reopening of the new Center, in an accessible and better distributed space, increased the number of site visits, which today is a mandatory stop in activities of some undergraduate and postgraduate courses of the Institution, as well as in the activities that seek to expose what is and what does the nursing profession, as is the case of the event "USP and the professions", promoted by the Pro-Rectory of Culture and Extension. CONCLUSIONS: This "new" Center has achieved its goal of not being a static and lifeless museum, but of being a place of reconstruction of the identity and history of a profession, often mystified

Museum Moving to Inpatients: Le Louvre à l'Hôpital.

Anxiety and depressive symptoms are common in hospitalized patients. Arts and cultural programs were reported to enhance their quality of life. The Le Louvre à l'hôpital study presents a new approach in which the museum moves to the hospital by displaying and discussing artworks with patients interactively. Over one year, four large statues were disposed in the hospital gardens, 30 reprints of large painting were exhibited in the hospital hall, dining rooms, and circulations areas. A total of 83 small-group guided art discussions (90 min) were organized, which 451 patients attended. The 200 small-size reproductions of paintings placed in the patients' rooms were chosen based on their individual preferences. Decreased anxiety after the art sessions was reported by 160 of 201 patients (79.6%). Out of 451 patients, 406 (90%) said the art program had met their expectations, and 372 (82.4%) wished to continue the experience with caregivers (162 paramedics trained for art activity during 66 workshops). In conclusion, moving the museum to the hospital constitutes a valuable way to provide art activities for inpatients in large numbers, which may reduce hospital-related anxiety in many instances.

Keeping the light on - Nursing history center in Ceará - NUDIHMEn.

OBJECTIVE: To share the implementation of the Center for Documentation, Information, History and Memory of Nursing in Ceará - NUDIHMEn and its achievements in caring for, producing and preserving the history and the memory of Nursing in Ceará. METHOD: It is an experience report regarding the work carried out in NUDIHMEN from 2009 to 2017. RESULTS: The NUDIHMEn holds a database of 1,454 newspaper articles, mapped data of 35 manuscript volumes of the Ecclesiastical History of Ceará about Nursing precursors, in addition to 23 minutes books from the Fortaleza Santa Casa (1879 to 1970), documentation belonging to the São Vicente de Paulo Nursing School, 8 scanned minutes books from the UECE Nursing Course, among other research resources. CONCLUSION: The NUDIHMEn provides records on Nursing history in Ceará for knowledge, socialization and scientific production of the community concerned.

Keeping the light on - Nursing history center in Ceará - NUDIHMEn / Manteniendo la lámpara encendida - Núcleo de historia de la enfermería en Ceará - NUDIHMEn / Mantendo a lâmpada acesa - Núcleo de história da enfermagem no Ceará - NUDIHMEn

ABSTRACT Objective: To share the implementation of the Center for Documentation, Information, History and Memory of Nursing in Ceará - NUDIHMEn and its achievements in caring for, producing and preserving the history and the memory of Nursing in Ceará. Method: It is an experience report regarding the work carried out in NUDIHMEN from 2009 to 2017. Results: The NUDIHMEn holds a database of 1,454 newspaper articles, mapped data of 35 manuscript volumes of the Ecclesiastical History of Ceará about Nursing precursors, in addition to 23 minutes books from the Fortaleza Santa Casa (1879 to 1970), documentation belonging to the São Vicente de Paulo Nursing School, 8 scanned minutes books from the UECE Nursing Course, among other research resources. Conclusion: The NUDIHMEn provides records on Nursing history in Ceará for knowledge, socialization and scientific production of the community concerned.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Socializar la creación del Núcleo de Documentación, Información, Historia y Memoria de la Enfermería en Ceará - NUDIHMEn y sus conquistas en la lucha por el cuidar, producir y preservar la historia y la memoria de la Enfermería cearense. Método: Se trata de un relato de experiencia sobre el trabajo realizado en el NUDIHMEN durante el período comprendido entre 2009 y 2017. Resultados: El NUDIHMEn posee un banco de datos con 1.454 artículos de periódicos, datos mapeados de 35 volúmenes manuscritos de la Historia Eclesiástica de Ceará sobre los precursores de la Enfermería, además de 23 libros del Acta de la Santa Casa en Fortaleza (1879 a 1970), documentos pertenecientes a la Escuela de Enfermería São Vicente de Paulo, 8 libros de actas digitalizados del Curso de Enfermería de la UECE, entre otros materiales provenientes de investigaciones realizadas. Conclusión: El NUDIHMEn coloca a disposición diversos registros sobre la Historia de la Enfermería en Ceará para el conocimiento, la socialización y la producción científica de la comunidad interesada.

RESUMO Objetivo: Socializar a criação do Núcleo de Documentação, Informação, História e Memória da Enfermagem no Ceará - NUDIHMEn e suas conquistas na luta pelo cuidar, produzir e preservar a história e a memória da Enfermagem cearense. Método: Trata-se de um relato de experiência acerca do trabalho realizado no NUDIHMEN no período de 2009 a 2017. Resultados: O NUDIHMEn acumula um banco de dados com 1.454 artigos de jornais, dados mapeados de 35 volumes manuscritos da História Eclesiástica do Ceará sobre precursores da Enfermagem, além de 23 livros de Ata da Santa Casa em Fortaleza (1879 a 1970), documentação pertencente à Escola de Enfermagem São Vicente de Paulo, 8 livros de atas digitalizados do Curso de Enfermagem da UECE, entre outros materiais de pesquisas realizadas. Conclusão: O NUDIHMEn disponibiliza registros sobre a História da Enfermagem no Ceará para conhecimento, socialização e produção científica da comunidade interessada.

Museums, health and wellbeing research: co-developing a new observational method for people with dementia in hospital contexts.

AIMS: The aim of this article is to present a new observational tool for assessing the impacts of museum object handling for people with moderate-to-severe dementia in hospital settings, focusing on wellbeing, social interaction, level of engagement and agitation. This article presents a four-step approach to collaboration towards co-developing the tool, which involved a range of academics, museums professionals, and health and social care partners, and describes the process of integrating multiple perspectives towards common research methodologies. METHODS: The research team organised a series of meetings and workshops with museum and healthcare partners to identify commonly used assessments and their perspectives on the objectives and possible outcomes of museum object handling activities. These were integrated with findings from a review of current conceptualisations of engagement in people with dementia (PWD) to produce a fit-for-purpose video evaluation method of the health and wellbeing impacts of the museum object handling programmes. RESULTS: This article presents the Museum Engagement Observation Tool for use in hospital settings for people with moderate-to-severe dementia. CONCLUSION: This article suggests that collaborative approaches can inform the development of future methods for creative health research and evaluation initiatives and to support this, it outlines the process of development of a new observational tool for people with dementia.

A Space of One's Own: Barbosa du Bocage, the Foundation of the National Museum of Lisbon, and the Construction of a Career in Zoology (1851-1907).

This paper discusses the life and scientific work of José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823-1907), a nineteenth-century Portuguese naturalist who carved a new place for zoological research in Portugal and built up a prestigious scientific career by securing appropriate physical and institutional spaces to the discipline. Although he was appointed professor of zoology at the Lisbon Polytechnic School, an institution mainly devoted to the preparatory training of military officers and engineers, he succeeded in creating the conditions that allowed him to develop consistent research in zoology at this institution. Taking advantage of the reconstruction and further improvement of the building of the Lisbon Polytechnic, following a violent fire in 1843, Bocage transferred a natural history museum formerly located at the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon to his institution, where he conquered a more prestigious place for zoology. Although successive governments were unwilling to meet Bocage's ambitions for the Zoological Section of the newly created National Museum of Lisbon, the collaborators he found in different parts of the Portuguese continental territory and colonial empire supplied him the specimens he needed to make a career as a naturalist. Bocage ultimately became a renowned specialist in Southwestern African fauna thanks to José de Anchieta, his finest collaborator. Travels to foreign museums, and the establishment of links with the international community of zoologists, proved fundamental to build up Bocage's national and international scientific reputation, as it will be exemplified by the discussion of his discovery of Hyalonema, a specimen with a controversial identity collected off the Portuguese coast.